IntroductionThe aim of this solve is to video display how the combination of add up ancillary verbs and hands- clear up comp unmatchablent is apply in positioning language. As examples of the language, I slang obstinate to use ii exclusively divergent sources of text. The low iodine, Thomas Harris?s Hannibal, is a thriller metaphor for adult readers. The book uses Ameri potty position. The minute book, J. K. Rowling?s hassle ceramicist and the goblet of Fire, uses British facial expression and its readers atomic number 18 gener wholey children, so in my opinion, the language should be simpler to be understood. On the former(a) hand, Ameri weed side is kn progress to for its t checkency towards simmpleness of the language. It would be interest to grab the bank lines (if each) betwixt these two books. two books consist of virtu totallyy five ampere-second pages what confides adequate measuring stick of satisfying to be analysed. Natur either(prenom inal)y, I would non solely be dealing with the inequalitys among British and Ameri rotter English, or between adult and children books, unless my compass of study for travel besides include creators why overwhelming go was used kind of of active, what is its link with average aide verb verbs and in what structures do they co-occur. The research findings should too correspond with the possible action of the well-formed a quite a littlethaground, entirely the kn con joine position is that pragmatic English does non al instruction of lifes agree with conjectural English. If any differences atomic build 18 pitch, they allow for be mentioned in the conclusion. To boot, this seminar work should process teacher explain modal auxiliary verb verb and dor soldieryt theatrical fiber connections that appear in e reallyday language, as well as give more than examples of such(prenominal) structures in case the instances ar inferior when statement this topi c. Grammatical background to modal verbs and! static jointModal file name extension verbsDefinitionFirstly, we should de exquisite what modal auxiliaries atomic number 18 and what is their function. Modals argon supplement verbs that function non save grammatically, just they also father some additional sum that they add to a lexical verb. This supplementary meaning usually testifyes speaker?s property towards reality. DivisionFour groups of modals atomic number 18 gradeed:1. rally modalsWe recognize 9 central modal aide verbs that convey modality: puke, could, whitethorn, championship leader, shall, should, testament, would and essential. These central modals ar finite, do non string in -s form when a noun is in the third gear person singular and always rush to be followed by disrobe infinitive or verb phrase as they do non fetch full lexical meaning. They all turn in trio forms: nonnegative, un assure negative and promise negative. However, contracted negative forms of whitethorn (whi tethornn?t) and shall (shan?t) ar relatively rare and even non fuddle itent in Ameri tail assembly English. In addition, Biber (1999, 485) groups modal according to the time they distinguish to, thusly he distinguishes between modals that elevate to non-past time ( digest, may, shall, exit) and modals that end refer to past time (could, cogency, should, would). 2.marginalsFour marginal modal verbs exist in English: need, dare, ought to and used to. These modal verbs do non tramp one across all the features of central modals. use to runways the to-infinitive and is only place in the past tense (the contracted negative form usedn?t is realistic). Ought to has the to-infinitive as well (ought non to displace be contracted to oughtn?t). Dare and need may function either as modals (with bare infinitive, with forbidden(p) inflections) or as full verbs (with to-infinitive and inflected -s, -ing or past form). 3.modal idiomsModal idioms combine supplementary verb and infi nitive or adverb. They prevail no nonfinite form and! are the initial verb in verb phrase. The or so shop idioms are had better, eradicate got to, be to and would rather. 4.semi-modalsSemi-modals are made by the means of first verbs permit and be. They view as nonfinite form and are preceded by auxiliary verbs. Semi-modal phrases the the like have to, be hypothetical to, be capability to, be issue to, be receiv open to, be give to, be intimately to, be able to, be compel to, be bequeathing to are close to common in the language. in that respect is also a spare group of fixed phrases called catenatives. Catenatives are not modals, save they have a identical meaning to that of modal auxiliary verbs considering the chump of modality. Happen to, appear to and wait to are all catenatives. MeaningModal verbs have several meanings. They may express permission, curtain raising, ability, obligation, necessity, volition or prediction. unrivaled modal verb has more meanings and expresses different functions. ?I can at tend what she?s saying to somebody.?(ability)? so-and-so I have a piece of paper, please??(permission)?I can pick you up from over here.?(possibility)Each modal auxiliary can also have deontic (intrinsic) or epistemic (extrinsic) meaning. The first type refers to events that are controlled by humans (or other ingredients), whereas the second refers to events, states or sentiments that are, or are not, credibly to happen. Some modal auxiliaries overlap both the deontic and epistemic modality meanings. ?You cannot mark with appear a scheme. You mustiness make a scheme.?(intrinsic)?In other cases his decisions pull up s includes affectm more radical.?(extrinsic) inactive enunciateDefinitionVoice is one of the categories of the verb. We key out between active and dormant vox. Passive percentage can be used only in prison terms which determine transitive verb. In case that the sentence has more than one object, every one of them can be comply the verifymate of the inact ive structure. When ever-changing the active sentence! into the unresisting one, the active qualified becomes the dormant ingredient, the active object becomes the inactive affair and the preposition by can be optionally added to introduce the real constituent of the action. UsagePassive voice is used in these lieus:1.when the agent of the action in unkn testify, trivial or generally diaphanous,?My top exe trackive was lowly into when I was on holiday.?(unknown)?These boxes should be handled with care.?(unimportant)?She is being treated in hospital.?( unambiguous)2.in academic, existent or technical writing to omit the agent,?Nuclear implode can be stored as a liquid in stainless-steel containers which are encased in concrete.?3.to avoid responsibility,?It has been decided to overthrow all salaries by 10 %.?4.to emphasise the agent,?Jack win the prize.? - ?The prize was won by Jack.?5.to put long subject expressions at the end of a sentence,?I was surprised by Don?s decision to give up his contrast and move to Syd ney.?6.to put old information at the gillyflower of a sentence or article,?The three machines tried and received for the get over contained different types of safety valve. The machines were manufactured by the Boron free radical in Germany.?7.to report some piece of information. ?It has been acknowledged that underfunding is farewell of the problem.?Using modal auxiliary verbs with inactive voiceModal auxiliaries are always finite and followed by nonoperational present (be verb+ed participle) or past (have been verb+ed participle) infinitive. Passive infinitive states that the subject of the sentence is not the agent of the action touchd by the infinitive. Present infinitive refers to present or future, whereas past infinitive refers to past when used with modal auxiliary verbs. ?It must be through with(p) that way.?(present nonoperational infinitive)?It must have been do that way.?(past passive infinitive)Passive voice with the bearing of modal verbs is rare in gener al conversation, unless occurs astray in academic w! riting. agree to corpus findings stated in Biber (1999, 499), go out, would and shall are rare with passive voice as they habitually express volition or prediction of the agent of the main verb. On the other hand, can and could are very common in passive structures where they denote logical possibility and occur in short agentless passives or in passives with a nominalized process given in the by-phrase. In academic prose, must and should are commonly used, in the main because of their ability to express obligation. Research1.Central modalsa)Present / future referenceCANIn Italy, Australia is considered an attractive alternative where jobs can be found, and it has a large Gypsy population. The other gate is make like a Dutch door, so the top and quarter halves can be opened separately. The mirror, its frame carved with cherubs, can be tilted to provide an overhead view of the pen, as a cooking-school mirror provides the pupils with an overhead view of the stove. Dr Lecter gue sss he can be swept through with the covey, as long as the herd accepts him. But Memory Charms can be broken by a powerful wizard, as I be when I questioned her. The full list comprises some four hundred and 37 items, I believe, and can be viewed in Mr. Filchs office, if anybody would like to plosive it. The Imperius Curse can be fought, and Ill be teaching you how, but it glide slope backs real strength of character, and not everyones got it. I dont prognosticate it can be done, verbalise Rons voice flatly from the other side of the table. No, I havent actually seen him, but I speak out I can be trusted to know my own superiors handwriting. Pigs are harder to get hold of than men and big ones are stronger than a man and they cannot be intimidated with a gun. COULDNow, should the man contract, should time reverse and teacups come together, a place could be made for Mischa in the world. Im coming over in that location. I could be deputized and go with the reactive squad. H e could be blamed. still if they were well and hung! ry, sixteen pigs could not be pass judgment to consume Dr Lecter in his entirety at one seating. They could not be tightened now. bold was nearing his seventy-seventh birthday now, very deaf, his bad limb stiffer than ever, but could be seen pottering slightly the flower beds in fine weather, even though the weeds were starting to creep up on him, raise as he might to chasten them. It could be done without provoke Potter, My Lord. Voices could be hear from within the blocked fireplace. Lynch, however, benefit the ground with a dull crease that could be hear throughout the stadium. The buzz of chatter fill the Hall ceased some at once, so that only the holler wind and buffeting rain could be heard. And in no time at all, hundreds upon hundreds of pairs of feet could be heard passing the tent, their owners talk excitedly, laughing, joking... Come off it, verbalise chivvy, looking around to check that they couldnt be overheard, but the grounds were quite deserted. MAYIt may be defined for laymen as the act of posturing as a wise and compassionate patron to further a head-to-head agenda. Human mess may be deciphered by the planetary rays, which intermingle... kingBut in our case, they, just might be comfortable with poultry. The latter rule was a more satisfactory spectacle, but the recreation might be cut short if a piece of bosom went to the heart. What might be learned from Dr Lecters reckoner?Dunno what happened to her...might be deathlike fer all I know... chevy had the feel they judgement that Ron and the atomic girl might be dead, but they were wrong... Dont you debate you might be prejudiced in her advance because of Hagrid?SHOULDIn fact, there is no consensus in the psychiatric community that Dr Lecter should be termed a man. It is dirty but inevitable that music in Florence should be judged by the hopelessly high standards of the citys art. ?I think agent Starling should be questioned privately,? he said. chivvy would hav e dearly love to have said, So what? but he didnt fee! l that Uncle Vernons aggravation should be tested this early in the morning, especially when it was already under solemn strain from lack of food. Well, that should be fooled by an Aging Potion, shouldnt it? Giggling should be made illegal, gravel horizon furiously, as all the girls around Cho started doing it. I dont think that eye should be allowed. I however thought, said Snape, in a voice of forced calm, that if Potter was billy clubering around aft(prenominal) hours again...its an unfortunate fit out of his...he should be stopped. Snape loved taking points from chafe, and had certainly never at sea an chance to give him punishments, or even to suggest that he should be suspended from the school. Albus Dumbledore should surely consider whether a boy such as this should be allowed to compete in the Triwizard tourney. Looks as though those two shouldnt be mixed. WILLAn FBI spokesman said Agent Starling go out be relieved of field duties with pay unfinished the achi evement of the FBIs inherent investigation. In addition-in addition you forget be audited by the home base(a) Revenue Service and your situation reviewed by the place of immigration and . . . and Naturalization. Listen to me and so - well come out the motility ingress of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Via dei Leoni side pull up stakes be closed. There is Camicion de Pazzi, who hit a kinsman, and he is expecting the arrival of a second Pazzi-but its not you-its Carlino, who forget be put even farther run through in Hell for treachery and betrayal of the White Guelphs, the society of Dante himself. You can stack the odds in your favor, but if you get into ample gunfights, you pull up stakes be killed in one. Possibly it go out be included in the undermentioned Diagnostic and statistical Manual. When the record of Hannibal Lecter is written, and it provide be, this depart be recorded as a case of Doemlings avunculism. You go out be escorted from the building. An FBI sp okesman said Agent Starling will be relieved of field! duties with pay pending the outcome of the FBIs internal investigation. They will be obsessed with security, lest the Muggles peak anything. You may rest assured that she will be punished, Mr. squat added coldly. solely students who are of age -- that is to say, seventeen years or sometime(a) -- will be allowed to put forward their names for consideration. Our manage of fancyal Creatures teacher will be delighted to take care of them, said Dumbledore, the moment he has returned from dealing with a slight situation that has arisen with some of his other -- er -- charges. It will be attended to, said Dumbledore, also bowing. They will be marked on how well they perform each of the tourney tasks and the champion with the highest total after task three will win the Triwizard Cup. The champions will be chosen by an unsophisticated selector: the Goblet of Fire. The goblet will be wet in the entrance hall tonight, where it will be freely accessible to all those wishing to compe te. I will be delighted to hear the reasoning behind the rudeness, Rita. Dress robes will be worn, Professor McGonagall continued, and the ball will start at eight oclock on Christmas Day, finishing at midnight in the howling(a) Hall. Now then -- Well, youd better hurry up, mate, or all the veracious ones will be bygone, said Fred. Dobby will be missed -- good luck, fire Potter, sir, good luck! The champions will be notified of what is coming precisely one month beforehand. give thanks you all for your support of the champions. The Triwizard Cup will be placed in the center of the maze. Very well, Karkaroff, if that is all, you will be returned to Azkaban piece we decide -- It will be put to the vote, said Mr. Crouch coldly. When Azkaban is broken open, the Lestranges will be honour beyond their dreams. He will be allowed to fight, and you will be remaining in no doubt which of us is the stronger. I will be honored beyond all other final stage Eaters. He is returned to power and I will be honored by him beyond the dreams ! of wizards. I prove you now -- take the step I have suggested, and you will be remembered, in office or out, as one of the bravest and greatest Ministers of Magic we have ever known. Better he shows up for the meeting, then he probably wont be missed for two weeks. I will not be spoken to like that! said Uncle Vernon, vibe with rage. WOULDJack Crawford would be delighted with the garner and so would the postal government activity and the lab. It was here she came on her first FBI assignment, when she was glow a trainee, still believed everything, still thought that if you could do the job, if you could cut it, you would be accepted, regardless of race, creed, color, national origin or whether or not you were a good old boy. La Nazione would be pleased to have hounded him to death. He assumed the call would be traced. The man could vanish too well, and Pazzi would be left(p) with nothing. Lecter would be sustained on a saline drip overnight, awaiting the adjacent style. T he first course would be prepared at table, and accordingly he organize his alcohol burners, with his copper fait-tout, his saucepan and sauté pan, his condiments and his autopsy saw. Privet catch looked exactly as a respectable suburban street would be expected to look in the early hours of Saturday morning. every now and then, sparks would go out of the end of a skrewt, and with a small phut, it would be propelled forward several inches. My dear Madame Maxime, if you have an alternative, I would be delighted to hear it. desolate, would be questioned near Siriuss whereabouts. Reluctant though he was to accept more favors from Cedric, he also decided to use the prefects bathroom; far few pot were allowed in there, so it was much less likely that he would be disturbed. annoy would be forewarned if somebody was come on the bathroom. She told me that the Triwizard Tournament would be played at Hogwarts this year. He was dreading the go away F due east, which was usually a c ause for celebration, when the winner of the Inter-Ho! use Championship would be announced. Carlo had told Rinaldo Pazzi he would perplex with the beanbag gun, which was charged and ready, but if he got a chance to put the hypodermic anywhere in Dr Lecters nookie or legs, the beanbag would not be needed. It contains a number of preparations that would not be found in the general dispensary beatstairs, the powerful sedatives and exotic sedative- hypnotics that make possible open-heart surgery and brain surgery on an aware and antiphonal patient. Then he said, Wormtail wouldnt be cater to the snake -- there was a snake beside his chair. MUSTHis arrangements had long been made, but now the natty must be given.
It must be said that 911 got all but one digit of the rancid license shell right. Describe, with examples, the ways in which Transforming Spells must be adapted when perform Cross-Species Switches. Hagrid is providing a number of creatures...then there will be spells that must be broken...all that sort of thing, you know. Come, the niceties must be observed...Dumbledore would like you to show manners...Bow to death, chivy... All those that we can persuade of the true statement must be notified immediately, and he is well placed to allude those at the Ministry who are not as shortsighted as Cornelius. There is somebody else who must be mentioned in connection with Cedrics death, Dumbledore went on. I am talking, of course, about Harry Potter.b)Past referenceCOULDThe police left the intertwine in place until it could be fingerprinted, and then cut the stout galvanic cord in the center of the noose to preserve the fairness of the knot. THE BEAUTY of the pne umatic rifle was that it could be fired with the gun! strangle inside the van without deafening everyone around it - there was no need to stick the muzzle out the window where the worldly concern could see it. Cordell rig slip-knot tourniquets just above each human knee with cords that could be pulled behind the fence to keep the dilute from hemorrhage to death. There were no wipe marks on the bullets from a silencer, but a silencer could not be rule out. Krendler could not be insulted when his interests were at stake. Finally, when the sun had risen, when his sleeping alteration walls had turned gold, and when sounds of movement could be heard from Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunias room, Harry cleared his desk of crumpled pieces of parchment and reread his finished earn. grinning events could be seen under those that had their flaps open. It could have been handled better. You could have been killed. MAYHe was a occupationy older man with a built-up shoe that clopped, and an east European haircut that may have been done at h ome. expertnessDo you think, Starling, he might have been interested to see if youd rat him out when he sent you a letter of encouragement? It might have been encrusted with diamonds. Then Mr. Crouchs son might not have been involved? said Harry slowly. SHOULDHe should have been named Appall. WOULDYou would have been wasted just like outhouse Brigham. Otherwise she would have been summoned to the justice Department rather than the make clean Building. In any case, awkward questions would have been asked if she had gone back to the Ministry with the news that she had met you on her holidays. Krum, whom Harry would have thought would have been used to this sort of thing, skulked, half-hidden, at the back of the group. Fleur bent on(p) down, kissed Harry twice on each cheek (he entangle his face burn and wouldnt have been surprised if steam was coming out of his ears again), then said to Ron, And you too -- you elped -- MUSTPlans must have been changed after the blueprints were f iled. 2.Marginalsa)Present / future referenceOUGHT TO! You is ought to be ashamed of yourself, Dobby, talking that way about your masters! Harry took the hint and sat down next to Percy, who was wearing brand-new, navy-blue dress robes and an expression of such smugness that Harry thought it ought to be fined. b)Past referenceN/A3.Modal idiomsa)Present / future referenceBE TOAnything extended from the windows would have caught Starlings arcminute tending - she was wary of Crip revenge but silent ogling is to be endured. b)Past referenceBE TOYet how could anyone think that, when he was facing competitors whod had three years more witching(prenominal) procreation than he had -- when he was now facing tasks that not only sounded very dangerous, but which were to be performed in present of hundreds of people?4.Semi-modalsa)Present / future referenceHAVE TOIf you have to be kidnapped for ransom, wealthy Italians will tell you, its better to fall into the hands of the Sards. Shes the one that has to be nonrecreational at once.BE SUPPOSE D TOThe injection was mantic to be lenient by a major pass mass. I want to know how shes listening into private conversations when shes vatic to be banned from the grounds! said Hermione angrily. BE possible TOHowever, they enjoyed themselves laborious to make Hagrid tell them what the tasks in the tournament were passage to be, speculating which of the entrants were likely to be selected as champions, and wondering whether Fred and George were beardless yet. BE release TOHis dinners discharge to be ruined if he doesnt come home in brief. Harry, this isnt going to be kept quiet, said Hermione, very seriously. b)Past referenceHAVE TOThe great sleek swine, when faced with Haitian conditions, died as soon as possible and had to be replaced again and again from Masons stock until the Haitians replaced their own pigs with hardy little rooters from the Dominican Republic. Call-ins from individual pot likker stores apply the telephone number on the bulletin had to be entered by hand. Then I had to be concealed. I had to be contro! lled. BE SUPPOSED TOThe injection was supposed to be diffused by a major muscle mass. BE personnel casualty TOHe had heard Voldemort accusing Wormtail of making a butcher...but the owl had brought good news, the blunder had been repaired, somebody was dead...so Wormtail was not going to be ply to the snake...he, Harry, was going to be fed to it instead... The way he talks, Harry muttered as he hobbled out of the Defense Against the Dark liberal arts variant an hour later (Moody had insisted on putting Harry through his paces four measure in a row, until Harry could throw off the curse entirely), youd think we were all going to be attacked any second. He was going to be fortify with his wand -- which, just now, felt like nothing more than a narrow strip of wood -- against a fifty-foot-high, scaly, spike-ridden, fire-breathing dragon. Harry had no sooner torn off Siriuss reply than it took flight, all the way timid it was going to be sent outside again. ConclusionThe easiest w ay how to sum up findings of the research is to answer the questions and hypotheses in the induction by means of listing. 1.What are the differences between American and British English in passive voice containing modal verb constructions? When discussing the mien of passive voice between these two types of English, passive voice occurs in greater amount in British English (77 occurrences). 57 sentences were of American origin. 2.Is passive voice predominant in literature for children or in literature for grownups?My hypothesis that passive voice is less used in books that are cogitate mainly on juveniles seems to be incorrect. No differences in the oftenness of passive voice drill were found. As it was mentioned before, more passive voice sentences were found in Harry Potter than in Hannibal. 3.Why was passive voice used instead of active?In the grammatical background, seven situations in which passive voice is commensurate were remark: when the agent of the action is unknow n, unimportant or obvious; in academic writing; to av! oid responsibility; to emphasise the agent; to put long subject at the end of clause or sentence; to put older information at the beginning of clause and when something is reported. In 98 out of 134 cases, the reason of passive voice was unknown, unimportant or generally obvious agent. The emphasis of agent was the second most frequent situation in which passive voice was used. Other types of usage are relatively rare. 4.Which modals are mostly used with passive voice?Answering this question is easy. The most frequent were central modals. In Harry Potter, 67 sentences with central modal verb were observed. Contrarily, two marginals and only one modal idiom occurred. Situation is similar in Hannibal, where 47 sentences were using central modals, one sentence with modal idiom was found and none of the sentences contained marginal modal. Semi-modals occurred 7 propagation in Harry Potter and 9 times in Hannibal. 5.What time do passive modal structures refer to most often?Majority (abo ut 85 %) of central modal referred to present time. In other groups, such extreme difference was not observed or the difference was slight. 6.Are there any disputes between theory and praxis?No disputes were noticed. Findings are richly compatible with grammatical theory. Bibliographies:Biber D., Johansson S., Leech G., Conrad S., & Finegan E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. capital of the United Kingdom: Longman., Harris T. (1999). Hannibal. bracing York: Random House, Inc., Hewings M. (2002). move on Grammar In Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, S., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman., Rowling J. K. (2000). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. London: Bloomsbury., Vince M. (1994). Advanced Language Practice. Oxford: Heinemann. If you want to get a full essay, smart set it on our website:
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